2026 Indonesian Forest and Land Fires

Background

The main cause of the fires is believed to be human activity, while El Nino, often made the scapegoat, served only as a catalyst. Large-scale forest clearing for plantations and mining is thought to have left the land very dry and easily combustible. Clearing land by burning is often regarded as the most efficient technique, but in practice it causes the greatest economic and environmental losses.[3][4]

Another plantation technique, cutting drainage canals, dries out peatland that would otherwise hold water. This makes embers held below ground difficult to extinguish and creates the potential for repeated fires over the long term. Illegal logging, which strips vegetation cover and dries the soil further, combined with a prolonged dry season, multiplies the fire risk.[4]

WALHI reported that 74 percent of the hotspots in Kalimantan lay inside corporate concessions: 10,739 hotspots in oil palm plantation cultivation-rights (HGU) areas, 7,880 in mining concessions and a further 6,905 in forest utilisation business licence (PBPH) areas.[5]

National Geographic reported that entangled business and political interests keep the land-fire problem recurring and make it difficult to resolve outright.[6]

The Minister of Environment, Jumhur Hidayat, confirmed that suspicion on 22 August 2026, stating that around 85,000 hectares of corporate concession land in Indonesia had burned in the fires. He also said 335 concession-holding companies were indicated to have fire points inside their concession areas.[7][8]

Those fires are spread across a number of corporate concession areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan,

He warned that companies proven to have committed violations could face legal consequences, from fines payable to the state and an obligation to cover the cost of environmental restoration through to criminal charges where an element of intent, or mens rea, is found.[9]

He then made a different statement, however, saying that no fires had occurred on concession land, after speaking with 400 concession holders. On his account the fires were occurring in open access areas held by local communities.[10][11]

The fires are not occurring in concession areas, yes. What does that mean? Concession holders are obedient and compliant with what the regulations require. Check the groundwater level. If it is 40 percent, centimetres, below, immediately build canal blocking, canal barriers, what... canal blocking barriers, yes. So the water irrigates the peat underneath. That is a concession area, because someone is managing it. But in wild forest, there is nobody there. So it is a different matter, yes. Well, thank God, to this day there has been no report of a concession holder's area burning. Ah... What is happening now, with apologies, is in open access areas. Open access is what is held by the community.

The statement was then criticised for resting on nothing but the corporations' own reports.

...especially, just now, including that statement from Jumhur, whoever that was, saying there are no corporations. Well, going by their reports, of course there are none. Just check WALHI's data; we also put it to the Kompas research team, that there are, in South Kalimantan too there are several corporations with potential hotspots as well, right. But if it is only what the companies report, well, obviously! That is how it has been all along... it is hardly possible, if indeed, because the dispute there is extraordinary, the legal dispute. Let alone our law, even though its enforcement, as we were saying...

Kisworo Dwi Cahyono judged the government fundamentally negligent and failing, because it reacts only once an event is under way. He stressed that the Disaster Management Law sets out the stages of the disaster management process, mitigation, emergency response and the post-disaster or rehabilitation phase among them.[12][10]

Budget shortfalls at Basarnas, BMKG and BNPB are thought to have worsened the situation, since they affect the government's capacity for disaster mitigation, including the response to forest and land fires. A member of the House of Representatives (DPR RI), Deddy Sitorus, urged the central government to take over the handling of the forest and land fires (karhutla) in parts of Kalimantan and Sumatra immediately, citing BNPB's limited fiscal capacity.[13][14][15][16]?

I urge the central government to take over karhutla response systematically and to mobilise resources to the fullest before the situation moves beyond control... BNPB also does not have the fiscal capacity or the funding to orchestrate an effective response to the current karhutla.

In 2025 BMKG acknowledged that budget cuts had slowed the delivery of its early-warning information. On 3 February 2026 the head of BNPB, Lt. Gen. Suharyanto, also complained of minimal funding, to the point of taking loans from abroad. A similar complaint had been voiced by the head of Basarnas, Air Marshal Mohammad Syafii, on 1 December 2025, who said the facilities and infrastructure for handling natural disasters striking many regions at once remained inadequate.[17][18][19]

On this budget question, the DPR urged the Minister of Finance to disburse Rp 290 billion for the forest and land fire response.[20]

Papua

Large-scale land clearing for the Food Estate programme, oil palm and mining has been criticised as the cause of forest and land fires in Papua. The Indonesian Forum for the Environment (WALHI) recorded that the majority of fire points in Papua lay in food estate areas and National Strategic Project (PSN) concessions. This is because changes in forest cover, land clearing, road building and the draining of swamp and wetland areas all increase a landscape's vulnerability to fire.[21][22][23]!

South Papua

According to data and analysis from AIT Madani Berkelanjutan, 41,790 hectares in South Papua were indicated as burned, with 89.5 percent of that occurring in July alone. Fire risk was judged to be growing because of the food and energy estate project, the Merauke PSN, which covers around 2.32 million hectares. Madani Berkelanjutan further found that around 40,000 hectares of natural forest had been cleared for the project by early July 2026.[24]

By comparison, Sipongi data on 20 August recorded 25,838.53 hectares of forest burned in South Papua.[2]

Central Papua

Although not on the scale of South Papua, Central Papua province also has the potential to become a substantial new source of forest and land fires: BMKG detected 512 hotspots there over 20-21 August 2026. Based on Sipongi data from 22 August 2026, 2,519.88 hectares of land had burned in the province.[25][2]?

Kalimantan

West Kalimantan

In July, 200 fire points were spread across 12 regencies in West Kalimantan, with 28,680.47 hectares of land burned.[26]!

East Kalimantan

The Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of East Kalimantan recorded 1,287.9 hectares of land burned from the start of the year to 11 August, across 218 incidents. Of that area, 443.6187 hectares was land, 831.50 hectares forest and 12.81 hectares plantation.[27]

South Kalimantan

According to South Kalimantan BPBD data, the area burned as of 11 August was 3,387 hectares, spread across 5,695 fire points. Most of the fires occurred on mineral soil and the remainder on peatland.[28]!

Central Kalimantan

On 17 August 2026 the Central Kalimantan BPBD announced that 3,657 hectares of forest and land had burned across 570 hotspots. The provincial government was still weighing whether to raise the status from Emergency Alert (Siaga Darurat) to Emergency Response (Tanggap Darurat) for the fires.[29][30]?

West Nusa Tenggara

Ministry of Forestry data for January to 20 July 2026 showed 8,895.43 hectares of land and forest burned in West Nusa Tenggara, a sharp rise from the previous year's 5,759.19 hectares.[31]

Sulawesi

Although it does not top the national ranking for area burned, Sulawesi remains prone to forest and land fires, particularly Central Sulawesi. BMKG warned that fire potential in Central Sulawesi was in the moderate to very high category for 9-15 August 2026. Based on Sipongi data on 20 August, the area burned in Central Sulawesi was 3,138 hectares.[32][33]

Java

West Java

The West Java provincial BPBD recorded that 17 regencies and cities had experienced forest and land fire incidents. The worst fires were in Sumedang, with 12 incidents. Other areas with a high incident count were Majalengka with 11, and the regencies of Cirebon, Sukabumi and Bandung with 6 each. The total area burned during 2026 was 77.51 hectares.

Central Java

The Central Java BPBD stated that there were 166 karhutla incidents during 2026, with an affected area reaching 306 hectares spread across 32 regencies and cities.[34]

East Java

On 3 August 2026 fires were detected in the Bantengan Block and the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) area in East Java. Within days the fire spread and became increasingly difficult to extinguish, eventually consuming 1,120 hectares of land. The government announced the fire fully extinguished only on 14 August, and the park reopened to the public on 20 August.[35][36]

Sumatra

Riau

From January through August, fires consumed 15,477 hectares of land in Riau. The majority occurred on peatland, 14,277.3 hectares, with the remaining 1,250.7 hectares on mineral soil.[37]

South Sumatra

From January through April, fires struck 1,926.2 hectares of land and forest in South Sumatra. The figure was up sharply on 2025, which recorded 1,382.4 hectares, a difference of 543.8 hectares. Fires occurred on both peatland and mineral soil.[38]

Jambi

The Jambi BPBD reported that as of 16 August 2026 the land and forest burned in Jambi reached 619.75 hectares. The nature of peatland makes the fire difficult to extinguish.[39]

Lampung

Main article: 2026 Way Kambas forest and land fires

The start of 2026 opened with fires striking Way Kambas National Park (TNWK) in Lampung on 25-26 January 2026. The incident scorched at least 2,685.43 hectares of conservation land covering the wilderness zone and the rehabilitation zone. Fires continued through July, at no fewer than 20 separate points. Fires occurred again on 21 August 2026.[40][41]

Impacts

Health effects

The haze and smoke produced by the fires on a mass scale caused impaired vision and respiratory disorders. The worst air quality was in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. On 19 August 2026 the PM2.5 concentration there reached 389.4 micrograms per cubic metre, in the hazardous or very unhealthy category and far above the 250.5 micrograms per cubic metre threshold. Air quality in the other Kalimantan provinces was also deteriorating. Exposure to karhutla smoke is a concern because it carries fine particles such as PM2.5 that can enter the respiratory tract; at high concentrations these pollutants can cause irritation and worsen respiratory disorders, particularly among vulnerable groups.[42]

The Ministry of Health recorded 400,000 cases of respiratory infection per week as a result of the fires during weeks 27-31 of 2026. In total, 15.7 million people had been affected by respiratory illness since January 2026, 200,000 more cases than in the same period the previous year. The Kapuas Regency Health Office also warned of the potential for diarrhoea to spread alongside acute respiratory infection (ISPA) as the fires peaked.[43][44][45]

Protests

Main article: August 2026 protests in Indonesia

Forest and land fires and environmental damage became one of the demands raised repeatedly in the protests of August 2026, for example by WALHI around Gambir, Central Jakarta on 6 August 2026. Similar demands were voiced by the Sima Pitowa community, who protested environmental damage in Papua on 10 August 2026. Simultaneous protests by the West Papua National Committee (KNPB) on 3 and 15 August 2026 also protested environmental damage in Papua.[46][47][48]

On 21 August 2026 the Indonesian Environmental Activists group (PALHI) staged a protest at the Attorney General's Office to press for an investigation into the alleged involvement of companies judged to have carried out environmentally damaging activities.[49]?

In Banjarmasin, students of the South Kalimantan Student Executive Board Alliance protested on 20 August 2026 against the forest and land fires and fuel prices, under the banners Kalsel Darurat (South Kalimantan Emergency) and Kalsel Lumpuh (South Kalimantan Paralysed).[50][51]

Disruption to education

On 19 August 2026 schools in Sukadana were closed because of increasingly thick haze. Meanwhile 108 schools in the Serian area of Sarawak were ordered closed and their students sent home.[52][53]

Economic disruption

Research by Syafrul Yunardi and Nuzul Achjar estimated lost income of Rp 269 million for every hectare of land burned. Among institutional groups, households suffered the largest fall in income, ahead of government and the corporate sector. Among factors of production, rural agricultural labour suffered the greatest losses, borne by the domestic private sector.[54]!

At the macro level, the economic losses caused by peatland fires span agriculture, forestry, transport, trade, industry, tourism and other sectors.[55]

On 22 August 2026 Coordinating Minister for the Economy Airlangga Hartarto acknowledged that the forest and land fires and the East Nusa Tenggara earthquake were beginning to create economic disruption for affected residents.[56]

Ecosystem damage

Indonesia's tropical forests are home to many species, including rare and endangered ones. Forest and land fires destroy their habitat, which can in turn be followed by the extinction of particular species. Conversely, some pest species may see their populations surge as a result of the environmental change.[57]

International media coverage

Malaysian media reported on the haze disrupting the lives of Malaysians, even though their country is relatively free of land burning. Malaysians, particularly children, the elderly and people with heart or lung conditions, were advised to monitor the air quality index, and residents were advised to limit prolonged outdoor activity when air quality worsened.[58]

A similar warning was issued in Singaporean media. Singapore's National Environment Agency (NEA), via Bernama, reminded the public to prepare for a possible deterioration in air quality should the fires in Indonesia spread further. The NEA noted that rainfall through August had so far been below average, and that drier conditions could both raise fire risk and keep smoke in the air longer.[59]

Reuters released video coverage of the reduced visibility in South Kalimantan on 20 August 2026, warning of the danger of driving in haze, and also ran photo coverage of demonstrators protesting the fires on 14 August 2026. The BBC ran similar coverage, together with information on the haze risk that neighbouring countries such as Malaysia and Singapore would also face.[60][61][62]

Channel News Asia was pessimistic about the effectiveness of cloud seeding as a way to tackle the fires: the approach only works if clouds gather and meet the necessary conditions, which was difficult in the extreme drought of 2026.[63]

The Turkish outlet Anadolu Ajansi ran dedicated coverage of 500 hectares of forest burning around Bromo over eight days, while Bloomberg noted the multiplying number of land fire cases in Indonesia during August 2026.[64][65]

#PrayforKalimantan hashtag

On 21 August the hashtag #PrayforKalimantan emerged, carrying public concern and solidarity over the threat of thick haze endangering millions of lives and damaging biodiversity. Under the hashtag, users shared photographs and video showing skies covered by thick yellow haze surrounding settlements.[66][67][68]

Criticism

On 22 August a post appeared on the Cabinet Secretariat account showing blue skies and describing conditions in a number of areas of Kalimantan as free of haze. It instead drew criticism and public anger. Critics argued the government should not judge conditions from a single location or rely on visual documentation, but should go directly to the affected areas. The choice of photo location also reflected a lack of understanding on the government's part about which locations were affected by haze.[69]!

On 22 August the Minister of Forestry was called on to admit his failure and report to President Prabowo Subianto over his inability to control the fires in Kalimantan. The criticism came from DPR RI member of Commission VI, Sonny T Danaparamita.[70]

Although the ministry claims to have carried out Weather Modification Operations (OMC), activated a War Room and added joint personnel, the results are not visible on the ground.... If that coordination were effective, the fire would not have spread uncontrollably.

He also produced data showing that the number of Manggala Agni personnel is severely inadequate. Only 265 Manggala Agni personnel were available in West Kalimantan, for instance, to tame fire across 38,310 hectares, meaning one officer for every 144 hectares of fire, which risks their lives. He further noted that 74 percent of hotspots on the island of Kalimantan, around 25,524 of them, lay squarely inside corporate concession areas, dominated by oil palm plantation cultivation rights (HGU) with 10,739 points, mining with 7,880 and forestry permits with 6,905. He regretted that many companies let their land burn repeatedly without sanctions severe enough to deter them.[71]

Criticism also came from Nadya Alfi Roihana, Daily Chair of the PKB central board, who jabbed that the Minister of Forestry was merely cosplaying as a firefighter. In her view the Ministry of Forestry's role should be to prevent fires from the outset, not to wait for fires to occur and then boast about the speed of putting them out.[72]

The Ministry of Forestry already has data on fire-prone areas and fire history. The question is, once we know which areas burn repeatedly, what has changed in the way those areas are managed?... The profits from managing an area must not be enjoyed privately while, once the area burns, the cost of extinguishing and restoring it falls back on the state and the public. Area managers must share responsibility for ensuring the areas they manage do not become a source of repeated fires.

Response

On 21 August Cabinet Secretary Teddy Indra Wijaya relayed a BNPB report that 52 aircraft had been deployed to fight the forest and land fires in six provinces. He also said five Indonesian Air Force aircraft had again been dispatched to Kalimantan to assist.[73]

On 22 August 2026 Prabowo flew to Kalimantan to oversee the fire response directly, landing in Pontianak, West Kalimantan to chair a response meeting at the Pontianak Air Task Force post at Supadio Air Base. He then flew to Palangka Raya to chair a further response meeting with State Secretary Prasetyo Hadi, Cabinet Secretary Teddy Indra Wijaya, Deputy National Police Chief Comr. Gen. Dedi Prasetyo, State Intelligence Agency head Herindra, Home Affairs Minister Tito Karnavian, Army Chief of Staff Gen. Maruli Simanjuntak and several other officials.[74][75]

On the budget question, on 17 August 2026 Finance Minister Purbaya said the government had Rp 5 trillion in ready-to-use funds.[76]

Disaster funds are always on standby at Rp 5 trillion. But if that is not enough we will add more, depending on the needs BNPB submits... As soon as an official request comes in we follow it up immediately. For disaster needs in particular our standard operating procedure is designed to be responsive, as long as the request is clear.

On 16 April 2026 the head of BNPB confirmed that no particular budget ceiling applies to disaster response. He also said weather modification was being carried out to address the increasingly widespread fires.?

For disaster management there is no budget limit; it is not tied to efficiency measures... If rain falls, that is partly because of the weather modification operations we conduct, besides of course natural factors.

On 20 August 2026 the Minister of Forestry set out the steps taken to handle the fires: monitoring the extent of the fires, early detection through hotspot monitoring as an initial indication, issuing circulars to regional governments, strengthening national coordination, preparedness assemblies, activating emergency alert posts for karhutla, extinguishing operations, and strengthening the capacity of Manggala Agni.[77]

In addition, the Ministry of Forestry formed a Karhutla Control Supervision Task Force, built a Karhutla War Room, revitalised fire control facilities and infrastructure, and carried out ground extinguishing operations in six priority provinces, namely North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, Jambi, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, together with the military (TNI), the police (Polri), Manggala Agni, fire-aware community groups and regional governments. The ministry also coordinated with BMKG and BNPB, including strengthening Weather Modification Operations (OMC) with climate data support and field condition monitoring. The head of the ministry's Bureau of Public Relations and Foreign Cooperation, Ristianto Pribadi, said weather modification was also being used to increase the chance of rain.[77][78]

Enforcement against perpetrators

The Minister of Forestry revealed that 29 perpetrators of forest and land fires had been named as suspects, most of them in Riau. Meanwhile, on 22 August 2026 National Police Chief Gen. Listyo Sigit Prabowo said 12 perpetrators had been arrested in Kalimantan. In Berau, a suspect identified by the initials BS admitted he had been instructed to burn land deliberately; the fire spread to nearby forestry company concessions and caused losses reaching Rp 1.2 billion.[79][80]

On 21 August 2026 the South Sumatra Regional Police announced the arrest of 12 people for forest and land burning. The head of the force's public relations division, Sr. Comr. Nandang Mu'min Wijaya, said most cases began with activity to open or clear land intended to become plantations or fields, a method used because it was considered quick and easy.[81]

On 23 August 2026 National Police Headquarters announced that 72 people had been named as suspects across Indonesia, and said the burning had indeed been deliberate.[82]

Gallery

Translation notes

Claude Opus 5 translated revision 29627106 of the Indonesian article. Structure is one to one with the source: the same 32 sections in the same order, 82 references and every figure. Reference titles stay in Indonesian, because a citation is metadata rather than prose.

The source is used under CC BY-SA 4.0 and this translation is released under the same licence. Images come from Wikimedia Commons and are credited in their captions.

Translation decisions

• karhutla is kept as a loanword, glossed once on first use.
• titik panas and titik api are held apart, as hotspot (a satellite thermal detection) and fire point (an actual flame), even though the source uses them loosely.
• kabut asap is haze throughout, not smog, which would imply an industrial or photochemical cause.
• lahan mineral is mineral soil, the standard contrast with peatland.
• Two source sentences do not survive a literal reading: one in Economic disruption is grammatically broken, and one in Criticism carries a double negative that reverses its own argument. Both are translated to the evidently intended meaning.
• ISPA is kept rather than replaced with the English ARI, andMarsekal Madya is rendered Air Marshal.
• Other ranks take their English service equivalents: Letjen is Lt. Gen.,Komjen Comr. Gen., Kombes Pol Sr. Comr. and KSAD Army Chief of Staff.
• Organisation and licence names are glossed in English with the Indonesian acronym kept: HGU as oil palm plantation cultivation-rights, PBPH as forest utilisation business licence, PALHI as the Indonesian Environmental Activists group and BEM as Student Executive Board. Manggala Agni, the forest fire brigade, and AIT Madani Berkelanjutan are left in Indonesian as proper names.
• Descriptive programme and zoning terms are translated rather than kept: masyarakat peduli api as fire-aware community groups, lumbung pangan dan energi as food and energy estate, and zona rimba and zona rehabilitasi as wilderness zone and rehabilitation zone.
• Numbers are converted from Indonesian format to English, so 38.310,86 reads as 38,310.86.

Marked passages

1. ?The source writes 107,465 with a comma, which in Indonesian convention reads as 107.465. Context and the stated 110 percent rise mean one hundred and seven thousand, so it is set in English convention here.
2. !The source still says ten provinces while listing eleven, and puts Central Kalimantan between East and South Kalimantan, out of the descending order the rest of the table follows. The count is corrected and the row moved to its rank.
3. ?Indonesian agency names are glossed in English on first use with the acronym kept, then the acronym alone. The gloss is ours, not the source's.
4. !Source says titik api (a point of flame), rendered fire point, as distinct from titik panas (a satellite thermal detection), rendered hotspot. The source uses the two loosely.
5. ?This figure is from Sipongi data of 22 August, while the lead table cites Sipongi data of 20 August. Both dates are kept as the source has them.
6. !Source says titik api, so fire point rather than hotspot.
7. !Source says titik api, so fire point rather than hotspot.
8. ?Siaga and Tanggap Darurat are legally defined emergency tiers. The source writes only Siaga; the full status name is assumed, and the English wording is not standardised.
9. ?The source names the Gedung Bundar, the Attorney General's Office building that handles special crimes. Rendered as the office itself, since the building stands for it in Indonesian but not in English.
10. !The source sentence is grammatically broken and has no clean reading. Rendered with rural agricultural labour as the subject.
11. !The source has a double negative saying the photo choice did not reflect a lack of understanding, contradicting its own argument. Translated to the evidently intended meaning, on the reading that it is a typo.
12. ?This statement and the quote following it carry no citation in the source. Left uncited rather than attributing one.

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